Crypto Inheritance Laws: Legal Framework for Passing On Crypto Assets to Heirs
The Emergence of Crypto Inheritance Law: Navigating the Digital Afterlife of Decentralized Assets
The burgeoning realm of cryptocurrencies and digital assets has presented a unique and complex challenge to traditional legal frameworks, particularly in the domain of inheritance law. As cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum have transitioned from niche technological curiosities to mainstream investment vehicles and stores of value, the question of their transmissibility upon the death of their holders has become increasingly pertinent. Unlike traditional assets managed by centralized institutions, cryptocurrencies operate within decentralized networks, secured by cryptographic keys, which necessitates a novel approach to inheritance. This decentralized nature, while offering numerous advantages in terms of security and autonomy, simultaneously introduces significant hurdles when it comes to estate planning and the legal transfer of these assets to heirs.
The absence of centralized intermediaries, such as banks or brokerage firms, which typically manage and facilitate the transfer of traditional assets, means that the responsibility for securing and transferring cryptocurrency assets rests solely with the individual holder. This paradigm shift requires a fundamental rethinking of established inheritance procedures and the development of specialized legal frameworks tailored to the unique characteristics of digital assets. The challenges are multifaceted, encompassing issues of asset identification, secure access to private keys, jurisdictional complexities, and the evolving regulatory landscape surrounding cryptocurrencies. According to a recent report by Chainalysis, the on-chain economic activity for crypto reached $15.8 trillion in 2021, a staggering 567% increase compared to 2020. This exponential growth underscores the increasing importance of establishing clear and robust legal frameworks for crypto inheritance to ensure the smooth and lawful transfer of these substantial assets to rightful heirs.
The lack of global harmonization in cryptocurrency regulations further complicates the issue of crypto inheritance. Different jurisdictions are adopting varying approaches to the legal classification of cryptocurrencies, their tax treatment, and the recognition of digital assets within inheritance law. This fragmented legal landscape necessitates careful consideration of jurisdictional factors in estate planning and highlights the need for international cooperation to establish more consistent and predictable rules for the cross-border transfer of crypto assets. A study by the Law Library of Congress in 2021 examined the legal status of cryptocurrencies in over 130 jurisdictions and found significant variations in their regulatory approaches, ranging from outright bans to comprehensive legal frameworks. This legal patchwork quilt underscores the challenges faced by individuals holding crypto assets and their legal advisors in navigating the complexities of inheritance law in a globalized digital economy. Therefore, understanding the nuances of crypto inheritance law is not merely a matter of individual estate planning but also a critical aspect of the broader legal and regulatory evolution of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.
Jurisdictional Divergences in Crypto Inheritance Legal Frameworks: A Global Perspective
The legal framework governing crypto inheritance remains in a nascent stage of development globally, characterized by significant jurisdictional variations and a lack of universally accepted standards. While some jurisdictions are proactively adapting existing inheritance laws to accommodate digital assets, others are lagging behind, creating legal uncertainties and potential complications for individuals and their heirs. This section will delve into the divergent approaches adopted by various jurisdictions, highlighting key legal concepts and emerging trends in crypto inheritance law.
In the United States, crypto assets are generally treated as property under existing inheritance laws. The Uniform Probate Code, adopted in many US states, provides a framework for the probate process, which can be applied to digital assets. However, the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies and the complexities of accessing private keys introduce unique challenges. The legal concept of "control" over digital assets becomes paramount, as probate courts need to determine who has the legal authority to access and transfer the deceased's crypto holdings. Several states, such as Delaware and Nevada, have enacted specific legislation to address digital assets in estate planning, including provisions for digital asset custodians and designated recipients. For instance, the Delaware Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA) provides a legal framework for fiduciaries, such as executors and trustees, to access and manage digital assets on behalf of the deceased. However, even with these legislative advancements, practical challenges persist, particularly in cases where private keys are lost or inaccessible.
In the United Kingdom, crypto assets are also generally considered property for inheritance purposes. The Wills Act 1837 and the Administration of Estates Act 1925 provide the foundational legal framework for inheritance, which can be extended to digital assets. However, the lack of specific legislation addressing crypto inheritance creates ambiguities and reliance on general legal principles. The UK Law Commission has undertaken projects examining digital assets and their legal treatment, recognizing the need for law reform in this area. The UK tax authority, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC), has issued guidance on the tax treatment of crypto assets, including inheritance tax, which provides some clarity but does not fully address the procedural aspects of crypto inheritance. A significant challenge in the UK, as in other jurisdictions, is the lack of legal precedent specifically addressing crypto inheritance disputes, leaving room for uncertainty and potential litigation.
In Germany, crypto assets are legally classified as "other property" and are subject to inheritance tax. German inheritance law, codified in the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB), provides a comprehensive framework for estate distribution. German courts have recognized cryptocurrencies as inheritable assets, but the practicalities of accessing and transferring them remain complex. The German Federal Central Tax Office (Bundeszentralamt für Steuern) has issued guidance on the tax treatment of cryptocurrencies, including inheritance tax implications. German law emphasizes the importance of a valid will to ensure the smooth transfer of assets, including digital assets, to designated heirs. However, similar to other jurisdictions, the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies and the potential loss of private keys pose significant practical challenges for executors and heirs.
Switzerland, known for its robust private banking sector and progressive approach to financial innovation, has also grappled with the legal implications of crypto inheritance. Swiss law generally treats crypto assets as part of the estate and subject to inheritance regulations. The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has provided guidance on the regulatory treatment of cryptocurrencies, but specific laws addressing crypto inheritance are still evolving. Swiss inheritance law emphasizes testamentary freedom, allowing individuals significant flexibility in their estate planning. However, the decentralized nature of crypto assets and the need for secure key management remain critical considerations in ensuring effective crypto inheritance in Switzerland.
Singapore, a leading financial hub in Asia, has adopted a relatively progressive stance towards cryptocurrencies. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has issued guidelines on the regulation of digital payment tokens, including cryptocurrencies. Singaporean inheritance law, based on English common law principles, generally recognizes crypto assets as inheritable property. The Wills Act and the Intestate Succession Act provide the legal framework for estate distribution. Singaporean courts are likely to apply existing legal principles to crypto inheritance cases, but specific legal precedents are still developing. The practical challenges of accessing private keys and managing digital assets remain relevant in the Singaporean context.
Across these jurisdictions, common themes emerge. Firstly, the legal classification of cryptocurrencies as property is generally accepted, paving the way for their inclusion in inheritance law. Secondly, the practical challenges associated with accessing private keys and managing decentralized assets are universally recognized as significant hurdles. Thirdly, the need for clear legal frameworks and specific legislation tailored to digital assets is increasingly acknowledged, although the pace of legal reform varies across jurisdictions. Finally, the importance of proactive estate planning, including the secure storage and communication of private key information, is consistently emphasized as crucial for ensuring the smooth transfer of crypto assets to heirs. The ongoing evolution of crypto inheritance law necessitates continuous monitoring of legal developments and adaptation of estate planning strategies to navigate the complexities of this emerging legal field.
The Technical Labyrinth of Crypto Inheritance: Accessing Private Keys and Digital Wallets
One of the most significant and unique challenges in crypto inheritance lies in the technical complexities of accessing and transferring digital assets secured by cryptography. Unlike traditional assets held in centralized institutions, cryptocurrencies are accessed and controlled through private keys, which are essentially cryptographic passwords. The loss or inaccessibility of these private keys can result in the permanent loss of the associated crypto assets, rendering them irretrievable, even for legal heirs. This section will delve into the technical intricacies of crypto inheritance, focusing on the challenges of private key management, wallet access, and potential technological solutions.
Cryptocurrencies are typically stored in digital wallets, which can be broadly categorized as hot wallets (connected to the internet) and cold wallets (offline). Access to the assets within these wallets is governed by private keys, which are long strings of alphanumeric characters that must be kept secret and secure. The private key is the digital equivalent of a physical key to a safe deposit box, but with a crucial difference: loss of the private key often means irreversible loss of the assets. According to a report by Chainalysis, an estimated 20% of all Bitcoin, representing billions of dollars in value, is considered lost or inaccessible, largely due to lost private keys. This staggering figure underscores the magnitude of the private key management challenge in the crypto space and its direct relevance to crypto inheritance.
When a cryptocurrency holder passes away, the heirs or executors of the estate face the daunting task of accessing the deceased's digital wallets and private keys. If the private keys are not properly documented or securely stored and communicated to designated individuals, the crypto assets may become permanently inaccessible. Traditional inheritance procedures are ill-equipped to handle this situation, as they are predicated on the existence of centralized intermediaries who can provide access to and transfer assets. In the decentralized world of cryptocurrencies, the responsibility for asset access and transfer rests entirely with the individual holder and their estate planning.
Several scenarios can lead to complications in accessing private keys for inheritance purposes. Firstly, the deceased may have failed to document or disclose their private keys to anyone. This is a common occurrence, particularly among early adopters of cryptocurrencies who may not have fully considered the inheritance implications. Secondly, the private keys may be stored in a manner that is difficult or impossible for heirs to access, such as encrypted hard drives, hardware wallets with forgotten PINs, or password-protected software wallets without recovery mechanisms. Thirdly, even if the private keys are documented, they may be stored insecurely, posing a risk of theft or unauthorized access. These technical challenges necessitate a proactive and meticulous approach to private key management and estate planning for crypto assets.
Technological solutions are emerging to address the challenges of crypto inheritance, although they are still in their early stages of development and adoption. One approach is the use of crypto inheritance services, which act as digital custodians or escrow agents for private keys. These services typically employ multi-signature schemes or time-lock mechanisms to ensure that the private keys are securely stored and released to designated beneficiaries upon verification of the holder's death. However, these services introduce a degree of centralization and require trust in the service provider, which may be contrary to the decentralized ethos of cryptocurrencies.
Another approach is the use of smart contracts to automate the inheritance process. Smart contracts are self-executing agreements written in code and stored on a blockchain. They can be programmed to automatically transfer crypto assets to designated beneficiaries upon the occurrence of pre-defined events, such as the detection of the holder's death through oracles or decentralized identity solutions. Smart contract-based inheritance solutions offer the potential for greater decentralization and automation, but they require technical expertise to set up and may be subject to smart contract vulnerabilities.
Hardware wallets, designed for secure offline storage of private keys, can also play a role in crypto inheritance planning. Some hardware wallets offer features such as passphrase protection and recovery seed phrases, which can be documented and securely stored to facilitate inheritance. However, the physical security of the hardware wallet and the secure storage of recovery information remain critical considerations.
Multi-signature wallets, which require multiple private keys to authorize transactions, can also be used in inheritance planning. By distributing the private keys among trusted individuals or institutions, the risk of losing access to the assets due to a single point of failure can be mitigated. Multi-signature schemes can also be combined with time-lock mechanisms to create more sophisticated inheritance solutions.
Ultimately, the technical challenges of crypto inheritance underscore the importance of proactive estate planning and the adoption of secure key management practices. Individuals holding crypto assets need to consider the "digital afterlife" of their assets and take appropriate steps to ensure that their heirs can access and inherit them. This includes documenting private keys, securely storing recovery information, and considering the use of technological solutions such as crypto inheritance services or smart contracts. Education and awareness regarding crypto inheritance are crucial for both crypto holders and legal professionals to navigate the technical labyrinth of digital asset transfer and ensure the smooth and lawful transition of crypto wealth to future generations.
Estate Planning Strategies for Crypto Assets: Securing the Digital Legacy
Effective estate planning is paramount for ensuring the smooth and lawful transfer of crypto assets to heirs. Given the unique challenges posed by decentralized digital assets, traditional estate planning methods need to be adapted and supplemented with specific strategies tailored to cryptocurrencies. This section will explore key estate planning strategies for crypto assets, encompassing wills, trusts, designated beneficiaries, secure key management, and communication protocols.
The cornerstone of any estate plan, including crypto assets, is a legally valid will. A will allows individuals to specify how their assets should be distributed upon their death. For crypto assets, a will should clearly identify the digital assets, specify the intended beneficiaries, and provide instructions on how to access the private keys or wallet information. However, simply mentioning "cryptocurrencies" in a will may be insufficient, as it lacks the specificity required to locate and access these decentralized assets. Therefore, it is crucial to provide detailed information in the will or in a separate confidential document, such as wallet addresses, exchange account details, and instructions on how to access private keys. Legal counsel specializing in digital assets and estate planning is highly recommended to ensure the will is legally sound and effectively addresses crypto inheritance.
Trusts offer another powerful estate planning tool for crypto assets. A trust is a legal arrangement where assets are held by a trustee for the benefit of beneficiaries. Crypto assets can be transferred into a trust, providing a legal structure for managing and distributing them according to the terms of the trust agreement. Trusts can offer greater flexibility and control over asset distribution compared to wills, and they can also provide asset protection and privacy benefits. For crypto assets, a trust can be particularly useful in managing complex inheritance scenarios, such as minor beneficiaries or assets held across multiple wallets or exchanges. A crypto trust can be structured to appoint a trustee with the technical expertise to manage digital assets and ensure their secure transfer to beneficiaries.
Designating beneficiaries for cryptocurrency exchange accounts can simplify the inheritance process. Many cryptocurrency exchanges allow account holders to designate beneficiaries who will inherit the account assets upon the account holder's death. This feature streamlines the transfer process by bypassing probate for the assets held on the exchange. However, it is crucial to carefully review the exchange's terms of service and beneficiary designation procedures to ensure they are legally sound and effectively address inheritance in the relevant jurisdiction. Furthermore, relying solely on exchange beneficiary designations may not be sufficient for all crypto assets, particularly those held in self-custodial wallets outside of exchanges.
Secure key management is paramount for effective crypto inheritance planning. The private keys that control access to crypto assets must be securely stored and a plan must be in place for their transfer to heirs. Simply writing down private keys on paper and storing them in a safe deposit box is often insufficient and may pose security risks. More robust key management strategies include using hardware wallets, encrypted software wallets, multi-signature wallets, and professional key custody services. Regardless of the chosen method, it is crucial to document the key storage location and provide clear instructions to the executor or trustee on how to access them. Regularly reviewing and updating key management practices is also essential to maintain security and ensure the accessibility of private keys for inheritance purposes.
Establishing clear communication protocols is crucial for ensuring that heirs are aware of and can access the crypto assets. This includes informing trusted individuals, such as family members or legal advisors, about the existence of crypto assets and the estate plan. Creating a "digital will" or a confidential document outlining the crypto assets, wallet locations, key storage information, and inheritance instructions can be invaluable for executors and heirs. This document should be stored securely and updated regularly to reflect any changes in crypto holdings or key management practices. It is also advisable to discuss the crypto inheritance plan with potential heirs to ensure they are aware of their responsibilities and have the necessary information to access the assets.
Utilizing legal and financial professionals with expertise in crypto assets and estate planning is highly recommended. These professionals can provide guidance on navigating the legal complexities of crypto inheritance, drafting appropriate estate planning documents, and implementing secure key management strategies. Engaging with experienced professionals can help individuals avoid common pitfalls and ensure that their crypto assets are transferred to their heirs in a legally sound and efficient manner. The evolving legal and technological landscape of crypto assets necessitates ongoing consultation with experts to adapt estate plans and key management strategies to changing circumstances.
In summary, effective estate planning for crypto assets requires a multi-faceted approach that combines traditional estate planning tools with specific strategies tailored to the unique characteristics of digital assets. This includes creating a legally sound will or trust, designating beneficiaries where possible, implementing robust key management practices, establishing clear communication protocols, and seeking professional guidance. Proactive and meticulous estate planning is not merely a matter of asset transfer but also a crucial step in securing the digital legacy and ensuring the smooth transition of crypto wealth to future generations. As the adoption of cryptocurrencies continues to grow, the importance of comprehensive crypto estate planning will only become more pronounced.
Tax Implications of Crypto Inheritance: Navigating the Fiscal Landscape
The inheritance of crypto assets carries significant tax implications that vary across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving tax regulations. Understanding the tax treatment of crypto inheritance is crucial for both estate planners and heirs to ensure compliance and minimize potential tax liabilities. This section will explore the key tax considerations associated with crypto inheritance, focusing on inheritance tax, capital gains tax, and jurisdictional variations in tax treatment.
Inheritance tax, also known as estate tax or death tax, is a tax levied on the value of assets transferred from a deceased person's estate to their heirs. In many jurisdictions, crypto assets are considered part of the taxable estate and are subject to inheritance tax. The value of crypto assets for inheritance tax purposes is typically determined as of the date of death. This valuation can be challenging due to the volatility of cryptocurrency prices, and different jurisdictions may have specific rules for valuation. It is crucial to accurately value crypto assets at the date of death to ensure compliance with inheritance tax regulations.
Capital gains tax is another significant tax consideration in crypto inheritance. When heirs inherit crypto assets, they typically acquire them at a stepped-up basis, meaning their cost basis is reset to the fair market value at the date of death. However, depending on the jurisdiction, heirs may still be subject to capital gains tax when they subsequently sell or dispose of the inherited crypto assets. The capital gains tax liability will be calculated based on the difference between the sale price and the stepped-up basis. Some jurisdictions may offer exemptions or reduced tax rates for inherited assets, but these rules vary and require careful consideration.
Jurisdictional variations in tax treatment are a major factor in crypto inheritance taxation. Different countries and regions have adopted diverse approaches to taxing crypto assets in general, and these differences extend to inheritance tax and capital gains tax. For example, in the United States, crypto assets are subject to federal estate tax and potentially state inheritance tax. The estate tax rates can be substantial, and the tax implications need to be carefully considered in estate planning. In the United Kingdom, inheritance tax is levied on estates exceeding a certain threshold, and crypto assets are included in the taxable estate. HMRC has issued guidance on the tax treatment of crypto assets, but the rules are subject to interpretation and may evolve. In Germany, crypto assets are subject to inheritance tax, and the tax rates depend on the relationship between the deceased and the heir. German tax law also considers crypto assets as taxable for income tax purposes, including capital gains. Switzerland has cantonal inheritance taxes, and the tax treatment of crypto assets varies depending on the canton. Some cantons may exempt direct descendants from inheritance tax, while others apply progressive tax rates. Singapore does not currently have inheritance tax or capital gains tax, which can be advantageous for crypto inheritance. However, this tax regime may be subject to change in the future.
Tax planning strategies can help mitigate the tax burden associated with crypto inheritance. One strategy is to utilize lifetime gifting of crypto assets to reduce the taxable estate. Gifting crypto assets during one's lifetime may be subject to gift tax, but it can potentially reduce the overall inheritance tax liability. Another strategy is to establish trusts or other legal structures that can optimize tax efficiency in crypto inheritance. Trusts can offer flexibility in managing and distributing assets while potentially minimizing tax implications. Seeking professional tax advice from experts specializing in crypto assets and inheritance tax is crucial for developing effective tax planning strategies. Tax laws are complex and constantly evolving, particularly in the crypto space, and professional guidance is essential to ensure compliance and minimize tax liabilities.
The lack of international tax harmonization in crypto assets further complicates the tax implications of crypto inheritance. Cross-border crypto holdings can be subject to multiple jurisdictions' tax rules, potentially leading to double taxation or complex tax reporting requirements. International tax treaties and agreements may provide some relief, but their applicability to crypto assets is still evolving. Individuals with international crypto holdings need to carefully consider the tax implications in all relevant jurisdictions and seek expert advice on cross-border tax planning.
Tax compliance in crypto inheritance requires meticulous record-keeping and accurate reporting. Heirs need to maintain detailed records of the inherited crypto assets, including their value at the date of death, any subsequent transactions, and relevant tax documentation. Accurate reporting of crypto inheritance to tax authorities is essential to avoid penalties and ensure compliance with tax regulations. Tax authorities are increasingly scrutinizing crypto transactions, and non-compliance can have serious consequences.
In conclusion, the tax implications of crypto inheritance are complex and multifaceted, encompassing inheritance tax, capital gains tax, jurisdictional variations, and international tax considerations. Understanding these tax aspects is crucial for effective estate planning and tax compliance in the crypto space. Proactive tax planning strategies, professional tax advice, and meticulous record-keeping are essential to navigate the fiscal landscape of crypto inheritance and ensure the smooth and tax-efficient transfer of digital wealth to future generations. As tax regulations surrounding crypto assets continue to evolve, ongoing monitoring and adaptation of tax planning strategies are necessary to remain compliant and optimize tax outcomes.
Future Trajectories in Crypto Inheritance Law: Emerging Trends and Decentralized Solutions
The legal framework for crypto inheritance is still in its formative stages, and the future is likely to witness significant developments driven by technological advancements, evolving regulatory landscapes, and increasing adoption of cryptocurrencies. This section will explore emerging trends and potential future trajectories in crypto inheritance law, focusing on decentralized inheritance solutions, the role of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), and the potential impact of future regulations.
Decentralized inheritance solutions are gaining traction as a potential alternative to traditional centralized approaches. These solutions leverage blockchain technology and smart contracts to automate and decentralize the inheritance process, reducing reliance on intermediaries and enhancing security and transparency. One emerging trend is the development of decentralized inheritance protocols that allow individuals to define inheritance rules and conditions within smart contracts. These protocols can automatically trigger the transfer of crypto assets to designated beneficiaries upon the occurrence of pre-defined events, such as proof of death verified through decentralized oracles or identity solutions. Decentralized inheritance solutions aim to eliminate single points of failure and enhance the security and autonomy of crypto asset transfer.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) could play a more prominent role in crypto inheritance in the future. DAOs are community-governed organizations that operate based on smart contracts and blockchain technology. DAOs can be structured to manage and distribute crypto assets according to pre-defined rules and governance mechanisms, potentially offering a decentralized and transparent framework for inheritance. For example, a DAO could be established to manage a family's crypto assets and ensure their distribution to future generations according to agreed-upon rules. DAOs can offer greater flexibility and control compared to traditional legal structures, but they also require careful design and governance to ensure their long-term viability and effectiveness.
The regulatory landscape for crypto inheritance is expected to evolve and mature in the coming years. As cryptocurrencies become more mainstream and their inheritance implications become more apparent, regulators are likely to develop more specific and comprehensive rules governing crypto inheritance. This could include the introduction of standardized legal frameworks for digital asset wills, recognition of decentralized inheritance solutions, and clarification of tax regulations. Increased regulatory clarity could provide greater legal certainty and facilitate the adoption of crypto assets in estate planning. However, over-regulation could also stifle innovation and create barriers to entry for decentralized inheritance solutions. Finding the right balance between regulation and innovation will be crucial for the healthy development of crypto inheritance law.
Cross-border harmonization of crypto inheritance laws is a long-term goal that could significantly simplify international crypto inheritance. The current fragmented legal landscape creates complexities and uncertainties for individuals with crypto assets held across multiple jurisdictions. International cooperation and agreements aimed at harmonizing crypto inheritance laws could create a more consistent and predictable legal framework for cross-border asset transfer. Organizations like the Hague Conference on Private International Law could play a role in facilitating international harmonization efforts. However, achieving global harmonization in a rapidly evolving technological and regulatory environment will be a challenging and lengthy process.
The development of user-friendly and accessible crypto inheritance tools and services is crucial for wider adoption. Many existing crypto inheritance solutions are technically complex and require specialized knowledge. Simplifying the user experience and making crypto inheritance planning more accessible to non-technical individuals is essential for mainstream adoption. This includes the development of user-friendly wallets with built-in inheritance features, intuitive crypto inheritance platforms, and educational resources to raise awareness and understanding of crypto inheritance.
The integration of crypto inheritance solutions with traditional estate planning processes is likely to increase. As crypto assets become a more significant part of individual wealth, estate planning professionals will need to integrate crypto inheritance considerations into their practices. This includes incorporating crypto assets into wills and trusts, advising clients on secure key management strategies, and utilizing crypto inheritance tools and services. The convergence of traditional estate planning and crypto inheritance solutions will lead to more comprehensive and holistic approaches to wealth transfer in the digital age.
In conclusion, the future of crypto inheritance law is poised for significant evolution and innovation. Decentralized inheritance solutions, DAOs, evolving regulations, international harmonization efforts, user-friendly tools, and integration with traditional estate planning are all key trends shaping the future trajectory of this emerging legal field. These developments promise to create a more secure, transparent, and accessible legal framework for the inheritance of crypto assets, paving the way for the smooth and lawful transfer of digital wealth to future generations in an increasingly decentralized and digital world. Continuous monitoring of these trends and adaptation to the evolving legal and technological landscape will be crucial for navigating the future of crypto inheritance law.
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